My vision of leadership.

The types of leader

I would like to be a leader who with democratic leadership style in the future. I am going to participate in the group and allow input from other group members. I would like to encourage all employees, but I will retain the final decision over the decision-making. I want to make employees feel enegaged in the process. Meanwhile, I will take the time to understand each employee of the organisation and get to know about the employee’s strengths and weakness so that base on their characters to arrange work for them. I have to ensure the position of every employee that fit his or her strengths in order to produce a high performance and create more values for organisation. I am able to good communication throughout the all levels of organisation and use diverse method to motivate them, for example, provide training and good workplace for them and build a good relationship with employees. I am strict in the work time and could be friends with employees off the work. I am willing to share my feelings, experience and life with employees, I can be a good listener when employees get into trouble.

For organisation, I want to be an ethical leader in the future, I am focus on diverse team and respect all emplyees’s value, culture and understand the personal value difference in the organisation. Hudson (1997) thinks that a good ethical leader will be affected by the respect of employees and ethical leadership focuses on the have correct values. I am going to fair for everyone and based on the rules or principles to make decisions and pay attention to corporate social responsibility of organisation, bring to positive power and value for social. Meanwhile, I will focus on charity and the people who need help in l various aspect. I am going to try my best to contribute to society, for example save energy and environmental issues.


Successful Leader

There is an example of Google Company that is an American multinational corporation involve in Internet-related services and products. It has become one of the most famous, popular IT Company in the world. Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin. Larry Page focuses on establish a free relationship with all employees, for example there is a meeting called TGIF every week, employees are able to ask questions that have to relative to company face to face to Larry or Sergey and other directors during the meeting.

The reason why I admired the leader of Google

Because company provides a variety of leisure facilities, areas and creative offices for employees in order to increase their work efficiency, productivity and employee loyalty. He used many kinds of methods to motivate them and build open relationship with employees, collegial style of running a team. He encourages employees share their ideas in the group and synthesizing the good idea into the best possible decision. However, the leader of Google, who implemented democratic leadership style in Google, some of characteristics that include:

  • Focus on the motivation, engagement.
  • Respect the ideas
  • Keep communication open
  • Good work environment

Moreover, figure 1 to 4, which show a part of leisure areas of Google worldwide.


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Figure 1: Google East Coast Headquarters. Souce: Karsten Moran for The New York Times.

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Figure 2: Google’s Dublin Office. Source: Karsten Moran for The New York Times.

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Figure 3: Private cabin areas.

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Figure 4: Pool tables of Google leisure area.


The feedback from colleagues:

 In terms of strengths from the colleague’s feedback, my colleagues think that I am a highly efficient person for details and cool head under the pressure through class activities. I believe everything will be solved and nothing can stop us. Meanwhile, colleagues said I am a serious person, I can contribute useful and create idea for team, always follow the team leader’s task to be given, good communication with the entire team members.

In terms of weakness, decision-making ability is one of my weakness, for example when I am going to decided something, I always hesitant between the chooses. I afraid of did mistakes or made something wrong decisions as any decision-making will influence on the final result. This is would impact on become a good leader in the future career.


 Leadership skills 

I have learned lots of leadership skills during the MBA studying, for example learned leadership skills in the leading in the changing world class; learned teamwork skills and culture sensitive skills when I worked with team members who from different countries; learned decision making skills and stress management skills from classes; I also got presentation skills from the APS class and got communication skills, interview skills from the ECS class. For example we have two group presentations in leading in changing world class and human resource class, meanwhile I remember that there was a group presentation in lecture room of ground floor in APS class in last term, such a big room and gather together all of April start students, obviously everyone felt nervous, but it is a good opportunity to improve presentation skills. However, we have a lot of present opportunities in  the class, we should cherish every chance in order to we could better apply this skills in the future career.

However, I would like to thanks Coventry University London Campus who provide the valued and significant opportunity to everybody.


Reference:

Strarratt.R.J (2004) “Ethical leadership.” U.S.A: The University of Michigan.

New York Times (2013) “Looking for a lesson in Google’s Perks.” Available  from: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/16/business/at-google-a-place-to-work-and-play.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 (Access; 10/09/2014).

Leadership& change

In today’s highly completive business era, the enterprise faces the challenges and opportunities coexist. Leader could implement appropriate strategies to overcome the challenges, strengthen organisational capacity, maintain the status quo and use the initiative to change strategy.


In terms of driver of change, there are some factors that cause change and organisation-individual conflict, including:

  1. Uncertain economic conditions
  2. Government policy
  3. Advances in technology
  4. Globalisation
  5. Increased demand for high quality goods, services and customer satisfaction.
  6. Changing demographics and expectations of workforce (Mullins, 2010)

Of course, some people actively thrive on new challenges, while some people prefer the comfort of the status quo and strongly resist any change. So, why they do not want to change? The biggest resistance to change is internal factor that is employees. 


 “For an effective change management process, it is required by the leaders to pay notice towards identity formation of the people in an organisation.” (Karp,2008)

If an organisation would like to change successful that has to consider employee benefits. The traditional view is that the reason why employees resist change, they think change threat to their security and reducing the economic benefits, the impact on the environment in which they feel the value of emotions and culture. Detailed analysis of key employees resist change, there are several reasons as following:

  • Firstly in terms of individual resistance to change, personal habit, economic implications, selective perception, security in the past and fear of the unknown.
  • In terms of organizational resistance to change, organisational culture, maintaining stability, investment in resources, past contracts or agreements and threats to power. (Mullins, 2007)
  • On the other hand, change is a good thing for organisations that can bring new ‘blood’ for organisations. “Change allows companies to better compete with their rivals and develop new skills or products that will bring in a higher profits.” (McDonough,2009)

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Eight-step change management model by John Kotter (1995)

Eight-step change management model is one of the best-known change management models that can help organisation clearly understand the right order of each step, what they have to do when they was changed. There are eight steps.

  1. Company could create a sense of urgency in order to identify the problems and highlight the opportunity available for change to be implemented.
  2. Secondly, establishing a powerful group to guide the change.
  3. Thirdly company could develop a vision to bring about the change in the organisation.
  4. Fourthly, company starts to communicate the vision with all employees so that everyone pays attention about that.
  5. And then company provides empower for staff so that help them achieve goal.
  6. After that, it is essential to bring short-term wins for organisation. In order to organisation would continue successfully change, it should remove organizational policies and establish new.
  7. The last step is institutionlise the change in the culture of the organisation.

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He also discussed the difference between change management and change leadership. John Kotter thinks that change management refers to a set of basic tools or structures intended to keep any change effort under control; change leadership concerns the driving forces, visions and processes that fuel large-scale transformation. In this video, he delves into the different between the two concepts and explored why people need more focus on change leadership today.


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Example:  There is a famous example of British Airways. In 1981, its management reslised that the company was so inefficient and waste a lot of valuable resource, so it need to change management model and culture to avoid bankruptcy. At the same time, the economic of UK become worst recession in 50 years that lead to less passenger and increase fuel costs. So BA has to take action to save the company. The first step taken by BA is to stress the problems and to hire Sir John King as the Chairman who thinks that a change was necessary. King has a rich experienced in restructuring companies. Thus by hiring King, BA successfully implemented the first step of Kotter’s eight-step change management model. And then BA starts to communicate with employees and try to achieve their short time goal. Therefore a good leader is very important for a company that going to be changed, build an effective team is good start of change management.


In conclusion, enterprise has better proactively thinking about the future and encourages enterprises to lead the change. Whether it is for what kind of change, mergers and acquisitions, expansion, organisational restructuring and transformation or business strategic transformation, leader have to learn to accurately grasp the opportunity to avoiding and overcoming resistance to change.


References:

McDonough. M (2009) “Advantages and disadvantages of change management.” Available from: http://www.brighthubpm.com/change-management/18477-negotiating-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-change-management/  (Access: 10/09/2014)

Mullins.L.J (2007) “Management and Organisational Behaviour, 8th.”Prentice Hall: Harlow.

Mullins.L.J (2010) “Management and Organisational Behaviour, 7th.” Prentice Hall: Harlow.

Karp, T (2008). From Change Management to Change Leadership: Embracing Chaotic Change in Public Service Organizations. Journal of Change Management, 8(1), 85-96.

Leadership & Management Styles & approaches

This blog focuses on compare the similarities and differences between management and leadership in the organisation. The first thing people should figure out the definition of management and leadership. According to Mullins (2010) said that management is getting work done through the efforts of other people. “Leadership is the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to do it and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives.” (Yukl, 2010) “Leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal.” (Northouse,2012)


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The similarities and differences between management and leadership

A good manager must be a good leader because they are serving in a management role in the organisation. Sometimes, they have the same functions in the organisation, for example good management is effective leadership. But in fact, management and leadership that are not the same thing, they are linked each other.

  • Manager focuses on manage work while leaders focuses on leading people. According to Nayar (2013) said that Management consists of controlling a group to achieve the goal and leadership refers to an individual’s ability to impact and motivate organisation success.
  • Manager maintains the company operation, leader pays attention to develop it.
  • Manager in charge of manage the company, leader plays an innovator in the company.
  • Managers have subordinates and leaders have followers. Manager focuses on power, they have subordinate to work together and leader concern the influence of the company.
  • Manager focuses on short-term objectives and leader focuses on long-term vision of the company. Manager gives the vision of the company and then leaders create a shared vision of what can be.

There is a video explained the difference between leadership and management by David Williams, who is chairman and CEO  of Merkle.


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Figure 1: Douglas McGregor Management Attitudes & Behaviours (1960)

                   Theory X, Theory Y and Theory Z.

In terms of the most effective approach to manage the work, according to McGregor Management Attitudes & Behaviours, there are three management styles, which are Theory X, Theory Y and Theory Z.

  1. Theory X refers to individual work style, employees are very lazy, they dislike the work and avoid responsibility. So employees need to be controlled, directed or threatened with punishment to get them to make an effort. (Gitman, 2008)
  2. Theory Y propounded by William Ouchi and it means employee as work is a natural activity, employee can be self-directed and self-controlled. They also can be motivated using positive incentives. (Gitman, 2008)
  3. Theory Z focuses on long –term employment, slow career development, group decision-making and individual responsibility. It concerns for employee’s whole life, including their family. (Gitman,2008)

`However, Theory Z pays more attention to company philosophy, employee development and corporate culture. Most of Japanese company used it and Theory Z also combination of a strict American management style. (Ghuman,2010) It is a effective leadership style for most of companies. Theory Z not only pays attention to employee welfare including their family, but also cares their personal development, provide professional training for employees that can increase employee’s loyalty for company.


Examples:

Theory Z base on the Japanese management style and recognized a number of U.S company, such as P&G, IBM and Hewlett-Packard, they are all follow Theory Z leadership style. (Bass,1990) These company all pay attention to long-term employment and values emphasizing cooperation and teamwork. In terms of management policies that implement slow promotion and rotation of jobs, rather than personal work style, individual decision-making. (Bass,1990)

Toyota-Motor

Another example is Toyota that is a Japanese motor corporation from 1937 by Kiichiro Toyoda. Toyota has long-term employment, group decision-making, teamwork work style and long-range employee development. The company always concern for the individual rises above work-related issues. Therefore Toyota’s employee loyalty is very high, lower turnover. But no single American or Japanese theory completely describes the distinctiveness of Toyota’s leadership approach. Depending on the organisational state that will decide which theory to select based on their needs. (Marksberry,2013)


In conclusion, the best approach may vary according to circumstance and individual characteristics. (CMI,2013) It is disagreed by author because of individual work style have not fit the global environment that is a traditional management style. However, in the 21th century, company needs diverse team in order to increase productivity and employee loyalty, every employee could work together and group decision-making.


References:

Bass.B.M (1990) “Bass&Stodill’s Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications.” NY: The Free Press.

Gitman. L (2008) “The future of business: The essentials.” USA: Thomson Higher Education.

Ghuman.K (2010) “Management.” New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited.

Marksberr.P (2013) “The Modern Theory of the Toyota Production System: A system inquiry of the world’s most emulated and profitable management system.” U.S: CRC Press.

Mullins.L.J (2010) “Management and Organisational Behaviour, 9th edn.” Harlow: FT Prentice Hall.

Northouse.P (2012) “Introduction to leadership concepts and practice.” Los Angeles: SAGE.

Managing Diverse Teams

Nowadays, the diversification of the enterprise work team has become a product of economic globalisation and increasingly reflects the social composition. With the spread of the economic crisis, at least in the developed countries, some of enterprises cannot achieve diverse team. According to Compensation Force (2013) said that employee turnover rate of Manufacturing & Distribution industry is 8.4% and services industry is 11% and Banking & Finance industry is 17.2% in 2013, which features data submitted by 40,000 organisations. As high unemployment rate, which lead to the part of employees lost the passion for the work and they may be ready all the time to job-hopping. Therefore, how might a manager use the knowledge of diversity to produce better results that is an important issue within any industry?

This is a video talk about the importance of the diverse team, in this video, Pascal Botteron discuss the benefits of diverse teams and how they help to created added value for clients at Deutsche Bank.


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                      How to build a successful team?

It is considered by most of organisations. It can base on the Tuckman’s team building Model (1965) to be created. There are four processes of the team building model, including forming, storming, norming and performing.

Forming means members start to acquaint everything of organisation. And then team moves into storming stage to set up relationship via leadership style. Gradually, team moves into norming phase, everyone follow the leaders. The last one is performing, member work hard and perform well in the team, even have achieve the goal. (Johnson,2009)

屏幕快照 2014-09-20 上午11.45.39Meanwhile, business success depends on a team of diverse talented employees, they has the different education background, work experiences, knowledge, skills, thinking mode, and different gender, age, nationality and culture. Enterprise should respect for the diverse talent so as to achieve team cohesion and used the advantage of the diverse team member to create value for enterprise. The importance of diverse team can increase core competitiveness of enterprise in order to increase strategic value for enterprise. Diverse team is a high quality human capital, which is one of the biggest costs of business management. But people have to consider culture shock during the organisation implemented diverse team.

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In the diverse team, manager should pay attention to culture issue and make them realise that organisation existed various of cultures; encourage employee respect each other’s culture in a diverse team; employee also should understand how to communicate with collages who come from all around the world. Manager is able to establish diversified communication and diversity sensitivity training for employees in order to improve their awareness of diversity and help them understand the definition and importance of diversification so that produce better results for company. Manager can provide some specific training for employees and senior managers, for example culture sensitive training, cultural competence training and cross-cultural training.


GoFurther_WMATeam For Motor industry, Ford is a one of the leader in the diversity. “You’ll find diversity at every level of the company, from the boardroom to the design studio, from the plant floors to the engineering centers.” (Ford Website,2014) According to Ford Website (2014) said that diversity makes company get better, get stronger and also bring in morefresh ideas, perspectives, experiences and life responsibilities. Ford has many diversity stories, for example several women join the Ford company in salaried positions in 1970, which the first woman to enter Ford’s marketing and sales management program. In 1956, Ford published a manual for salaried employees called “Going Places with Ford.” It includes language that articulates non-discrimination policies. (Ford Website,2014) “Today, Ford continues to attract a highly skilled committed workforce that reflects a broad spectrum of culture, ethnicity, race, perspective, age, religion, physical ability and sexual orientation.” (Ford Website, 2014) Therefore why does Ford is a successful global Motor company, because it focuses on create diverse employee who can bring a huge value for company. At the same time, Mark Fields who is the CEO of the Ford, he believes that diversity and inclusion are critical to our success.


Conclusion and Recommendation

In conclusion, diverse teams are always closely bound up with culture issue. From the case study of Ford, it is observed that company cannot without diverse team and diverse talent, which is one of the viral factors to make organisation success, leader can used their different the way of thinking to make company have more opportunities and provide new blood for company. Company can intergrade multiple staff of different cultural background, using the experience of different advantages and diversity of creative insight for company. At the same time, diverse team can meet the different customer groups, preferences and needs, with diverse background and diversified thinking mode to better understand the customer so as to improve the personalised service. However, diverse teams are opportunities for company and it can bring additional value for company, but it is a double-edged sword, it means diverse teams can add values for company while it can bring troubles for company as well. Therefore Leader has to pay attention to training employees regarding culture issue so as to they can take advantage of themselves culture strength to produce better result.


References:

Compensation Force (2013) “2013 Turnover Rates by Industry.” Available from: http://www.compensationforce.com/2014/02/2013-turnover-rates-by-industry.html(Accessed: 30/07/2014)

Ford Company (2014) “Our History of Diversity and Inclusion Ford’s History of Diversity and Inclusion in the Workforce-Ford.” Available from: http://corporate.ford.com/dynamic/metatags/article-detail/diversity-history-440p (Accessed: 30/07/2014)

Ford Company (2014) “A Word About Diversity and Inclusion.” Available from:

http://corporate.ford.com/careers/diversity/diversity-message-626p?&ccode=GB (Accessed: 30/07/2014)

Johnson.J (2009) “Heath Organizations: Theory,Behavior, and Development.” Canada: Jones and Bartlett Publishers,LLC.

Ethical Leadership

Nowadays, as a result of the competition of globalisation, innovation technology, threat of new entrant and international economic uncertainty, so lots of enterprises in the face of business environment change, which make business management more difficult and also remind them need to build a new management and leadership style to continue the business in the future.

A management mast Peter Drucker (1997), argued that if a leader thinks employee’s professional knowledge more important than personal morality, the leader could not get the important position in the company, because value of the leader can influence on the atmosphere of the organisation.

It is provided 4V ethical leadership model to explain what is ethical leadership in terms of value, value, vision and virtue. There are two examples of Starbucks and Toyota to discuss the different between ethical leadership company and unethical leadership company.


Starbucks-Logo

For example, Starbuck Company is an American global coffee chain shop. At the same time, Smith, CEO of Starbucks who think that Starbucks is one of the world’s most ethical companies. “Starbucks was the only company in the restaurant and cafes category to make the list this year.” (Mother Nature Network, 2013) Starbucks makes conscious efforts to be an ethical company and lead business in an ethical style.

image_preview Virtue: Starbucks openly displays its commitment to social responsibility and it wants customers to know how company is doing so. Starbucks complies an annual report dedicated with its corporate social responsibility and highlight its responsibility on the company official website. (Mellamocallejon, 2012)

Vision: The vision of Starbucks is to inspire and nurture the human spirit- one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time. (Starbucks website, 2014)

Voices: It also has a mission statement in terms of its environment so that customer can understand its environmental issues, which said, “Starbucks is committed to a role of environmental leadership in all facets of our business.” (Starbucks website, 2014)

Value: Starbucks always regard environmental responsibility as a corporate value, for example separating waste into organic and mixed dry recyclables in store. “Energy use in our stores makes up roughly 80% of our entire carbon footprint” (Starbucks website, 2014)

However, through the price of Starbucks is relative higher than other coffee chain shop, customer are more willing to pay, cause they know that they are supporting a company that is an ethical company and that is a socially responsible company. Nowadays, Starbucks has become one of the most popular coffee shops in the world, so an ethical company can achieve profitable growth and achieve long-term success within the industry.


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Toyota is one of the famous car company in the world, but it ignored safety concerns to save money. As everyone knows safety is one of the most important aspect of car, which relative to people’s life. Toyota made a unethical failure in 2010, it recalled more than 7.5 million vehicles in the U.S alone. (Mueller.2010) Toyota employees claimed that company saved $100 million by negotiating with the government on a limited recall of floor mats in some Toyota vehicles. (The Associated Press,2010) It is a very terrible behaviour and bring a negative influence for company and society. The poor ethical leadership who will bring bad effects to organisation, no matter how rich knowledge they had. A poor ethical leadership not only could not bring positive value for organsation, but also could influence the employee’s performance and cause bad effect on the achievement of organisational goals.


What is a ethical leader?

  • Ethical leaders should respect others, because respect is one of the basic skill leader should be have.
  • Ethical leaders need to respect all of the employee’s value, dignity and understand the personal value difference in the organsation.
  • Ethical leader should try to make employee understand the idea of themselves in order to preferable develop leadership in the organsation.
  • Ethical leaders should fair, which means leader should based on ethical principles to make decisions. Be fair to all of the subordinates by not holding them responsible for maters outside their control. (Jeanette, 2014)
  • Ethical leaders should pay attention to honest issue, they not only should honest and good faith to treat every employees, but also could be a ethical leader who trustworthy and reliable so that leader need to ensure the credibility of the organisation.

However, in the fierce competition of the business environment, ethical crisis has become one of the biggest corporate debts. The greatest asses is talent of the enterprise, in the event of happened internal ethical crisis, talent will become the debt in the enterprise as well. Therefore enterprise has to realise that employee’s ethical awareness more important than professional skills, and also be an ethical people in the organisation.


References:

Center for Ethical Leadership (2014) “Ethical Leadership.” Available from: http://ethicalleadership.org/about-us/philosophies-definitions/ethical-leadership (Access: 29/08/2014)

Hudson.J (1997) ‘Ethical leadership: the soul of policy marketing.’ Journal of School Leadership 7(5): 506-20.

Jeanette.T (2014) “How to be an ethical leader.” Avaiable from: http://gulfbusiness.com/2014/04/ethical-leader/#.U_SJzmRdVZV (Access: 29/07/2014)

Mueller.M (2010) “Dynamics of International Advertising: Theoretical and Practical Perspectives.” NY: Peter Lang Publishing,Inc.

Mellamocallejon (2012) “Starbucks: How Ethical Behavior Can Boost Business.” Available from: http://bizgovsoc4.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/starbucks-how-ethical-behavior-can-boost-business/ (Access: 28/07/2014)

Peter.Drucker (1998) ‘Peter Drucker on the profession of management.” U.S.A: Harvard College.

Starbucks (2014) “Business Ethics and Compliance.” Available from: http://www.starbucks.com/about-us/company-information/business-ethics-and-compliance (Access: 29/07/2014)

The Associated Press (2010) “Toyota saved $100M by delaying recalls and safety regulations, new documents reveal.” Available from: http://www.nydailynews.com/news/money/toyota-saved-100m-delaying-recalls-safety-regulations-new-documents-reveal-article-1.196400 (Access: 02/08/2014)